A broad, balanced view of the main processes and principles of life is presented, with an emphasis on concepts and terminology.

A broad view of the main processes and principles of living organisms, with an emphasis on the basic concepts, definitions and terminology of anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Introduction to disciplines such as genetics, cell biology, evolution and ecology will be used to develop an understanding of the many ways living organisms are related.

An introduction to the concepts of cell biology (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), with emphasis on the structural organization of subcellular components and organelles, the function of molecular processes, the roles of cellular membranes, the interactions of viruses with animal hosts, the immune response with particular reference to properties of immunological agents that protect against disease, and the techniques and applications of animal and plant cell cultures to biotechnology.

The principles of Mendelian inheritance, the chromosomal basis of heredity, gene interaction, linkage, heterosis, quantitative inheritance, bio-chemical genetics, cytoplasmic inheritance, cytogenetics, population genetics and evolution as pertaining to plant and animal organisms, including humans. Current views on the nature of the gene and its mode of action are included.

A study of the major systems of the vertebrate classes from an evolutionary point of view. In the laboratory, the following representative specimens will be dissected: three protochordates, a shark, an amphibian and a mammal. Demonstrations of the anatomy of representatives of other classes will be examined in the laboratory.

A lecture and laboratory course on the structure and development of the vegetative organs and tissues of vascular plants.†

A survey of vascular plants with particular reference to their classification into classes, orders, families, genera and species. Special attention will be given to the identification of the native regional flora. (Students contemplating registration in this course should consult with the instructor before the end of the previous spring term regarding the making of a summer collection for study during the course.)†

A lecture and laboratory course on the structure and development of the reproductive organs and tissues of vascular plants. Individual microtechnique projects are involved.†

A lecture and laboratory study of cells, tissues and organs, using the light microscope and recent findings with electron microscopy. The relationships between structure and function are examined. Mammalian organ systems are stressed. Laboratory work includes, sectioning and staining of material.

The course takes a systemic approach to the anatomical study of the human skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary systems. Laboratory activity includes examination of tissues at the microscopic level and organs at the macroscopic level using models, photographic images, and dissection of representative animal organs.

A survey of the chlorophyll-bearing members of the Phylum Cyanophyta and the Kingdom Protoctista. Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, collection and culture, life cycles and reproduction, ecology, evolution and phylogenetic relationships.†

Principles of classification; international rules of zoological nomenclature; broad views of systems of classification. Special attention is given to selected important groups of Canadian fauna. Techniques of collection and preservation are practised.††

A survey of the slime moulds, protoctistan fungi and true fungi. Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, collection and culture, life cycles and reproduction, ecology, evolution and phylogenetic relationships. The relationships of fungi with other organisms are considered, with special emphasis on lichens.†

Comparative studies of the morphology, life histories and ecology of Division Bryophyta. Identification and classification of field collections, with an emphasis on the taxonomy of hornworts, liverworts and mosses.††

Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, behaviour, ecology and identification. New research techniques used in the study of avian biology will also be explored. Field studies are an important component of the course.

Physiology of the human nervous, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, urinary and reproductive systems will be discussed. The laboratory component includes activities designed to illustrate the theoretical concepts. (Cross-listed as KP220.)

A study of the major systems of the vertebrate classes from an evolutionary point of view. In the laboratory, the following representative specimens will be dissected: three protochordates, a shark, an amphibian and a mammal. Demonstrations of the anatomy of representatives of other classes will be examined in the laboratory. A major project is required.

A lecture and laboratory course on the morphology, classification, life patterns and phylogeny of the phyla, classes and, in some cases, orders of invertebrates.†

A lecture and laboratory course about the relationships among living organisms and with the physical environment. Physical and organismic factors such as communities, behaviour, competition and predation are explored. Laboratory work will include a number of field trips to familiarize the student with field methods.

The study of the biological, chemical and physical conditions affecting life in fresh water. Topics include: limnological techniques and equipment, biological, productivity, pollution, fisheries management and fish culture. A major project is required.†

A lecture, student seminar and laboratory course covering aspects of natural and artificial toxicants. Topics may include metals, herbicides, pesticides, radionuclides, and organic pollutants such as PCBs and dioxins. Special emphasis will be placed on metals in the aquatic environment.†

Lectures, fieldwork and laboratory work on aspects of marine biology conducted at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrew's, N.B., by qualified biologists recognized by H.M.L., in three weeks of intensive work. Students accepted into the course must register through the University to insure that credit is recorded. Accommodation: in H.M.L. Residence. (For course fee, consult the department.)

A lecture, student seminar and laboratory course relating plant structure to function. Topics may include: xylem and water relations; phloem and translocation; roots and mineral nutrition; nodules and nitrogen fixation; leaf and chloroplast anatomy related to photosynthesis and photorespiration.†

A lecture, student seminar and laboratory course on growth and development of higher plants. Special emphasis will be placed on plant hormones and their roles in growth. Other topics may include dormancy, photoperiodism and flowering.†

Lectures, fieldwork and laboratory work on special topics in marine biology conducted at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrew's, N.B., by qualified biologists recognized by H.M.L. Information on annual offerings is available from the department or the Huntsman Marine Laboratory. (For course fee, consult the department.)

An introduction to the biology of parasitism with emphasis on the taxonomy, morphology and life cycle of parasites of medical, veterinary and economic importance.†

An integrated study of past dispersal and present distributions and diversity of plants and animals, with emphasis on both historical and ecological approaches to biogeography. Topics include analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of distribution, vicariance, dispersal, species interactions, disturbance events, endemism, island biogeography, biogeographic models and applied biogeography.††

A comprehensive and integrative course on evolution by natural selection as the underlying principle of modern biology. Topics include the mechanisms of selection; the concepts of adaption, fitness and species; the evolution of sex; co-evolution; and the origin of life.††

A lecture, laboratory, and student seminar course emphasizing comparative aspects of animal physiology. Topics covered may include aquatic and aerial respiration, circulation, blood, water and solute balance, excretion, cellular energetics, membrane physiology, nervous systems, cell movement and endocrinology.

Six modules, each of one week's duration, covering marine geology, plankton, fishes, parasites, plants and mammals. Successful completion of three of these modules constitutes a half credit. Students accepted into the course must register through the University to insure that credit is recorded. Applications must be received at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory by March 31. (For course fee consult the department.)

A comparative micro-anatomical study of the organ systems of various vertebrates. The structural and functional relationships will be emphasized.†

A comparative study of the structure of extinct and extant animals including, the origin of mammalian structure and mammalian evolution and radiation, emphasizing the relations between mammalian structure and habit. In the laboratory, fossil forms will be examined and a representative series of existing mammals will be dissected.†

Lecture: a thematic approach to the biology of parasitism: evolution, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, ecology and epidemiology. Lab: term-long project will involve dissection of host organisms for parasite recovery, fixation and appropriate preparation (e.g., staining) of material for taxonomic identification.†

A study of the systematics, evolution and life histories of fish, the largest class of phylum Chordata. Other topics included are fish culture, commercial fishing, physiology and the economic importance of fish. (Includes a four-day field trip in the fall term.)†

Botanical studies of the economically significant food, fibre, drug and forage plants of the world; their geographic distribution, methods of culture, and basic operations involved in preparing the raw product for use.†

An examination of the dynamic nature of embryonic development, with emphasis on the experimental approach to embryology. Laboratory work includes a comparative study of the morphological changes during embryogenesis of invertebrates and vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Experimental work includes induced breeding of amphibians, artificial parthenogenesis, regeneration, chorioallantoic grafting, and other experiments involving organ and tissue culture.†

Mathematical treatment of population growth and community structure, ecological modelling, resource partitioning, species abundance, methods of describing community structure through ordination and discriminant analysis.†

A course on the theoretical and practical aspects of tissue preparation for structural and ultrastructural analysis and for enzyme and RNA localization. Lecture and laboratory activities will include tissue fixation, sectioning, tissue staining (histochemical analysis) and the various ways of examining specimens using the microscope (light, florescence, phase-contrast, dark field, interference contrast optics and electron transmission).†

Recent literature on microtechniques will be reviewed in detail. Each student will choose either a plant or animal tissue for study using a variety of microtechniques. The projects will be evaluated for quality of preparation and final product. Photomicrography will be an integral part of the project and final evaluation.†

The characteristics and identification of common insect families. Taxonomic methods. Extensive fieldwork.††

Structure, physiology, distribution, economic importance and life cycles of insects.††

Control of gene expression, recombinant DNA techniques, immunogenetics, genetic control of differentiation, genetics of reproduction in higher plants, polygenetic inheritance in humans, teratology.†

Individually supervised research resulting in the presentation of a thesis. Project topic must be selected in the spring term prior to the Fourth Year. Students taking this course are required to attend all departmental seminars.

A program of methods and field techniques designed to show senior students how to deal with special problems under field situations. Two weeks at the beginning of Fall Term. (Required of Fourth Year Honours Biology students.) Consult the department for extra fees that may be required.

Individually supervised research resulting in the presentation of a thesis.

A detailed study of an aspect of biology not available through the regular program.††