A broad, balanced view of the main processes and principles of life is presented, with an emphasis on concepts and terminology.

A broad view of the main processes and principles of living organisms, with an emphasis on the basic concepts, definitions and terminology of anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Introduction to disciplines such as genetics, cell biology, evolution and ecology will be used to develop an understanding of the many ways living organisms are related.

An introduction to the fundamental processes and principles of life, with an emphasis on the form and function of living systems, from the level of the cell to the ecosystem. Topics will include molecular and cell biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, evolution, systematics and ecology, all within the framework of the diversity of life.

A lecture and laboratory course on the structure and development of the vegetative organs and tissues of vascular plants. (Distance Education course)

A lecture and laboratory course on the structure and development of the reproductive organs and tissues of vascular plants. (Distance Education course)

The course takes a systemic approach to the anatomical study of the human skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary systems. Laboratory activity includes examination of tissues at the microscopic level and organs at the macroscopic level using models, photographic images, and dissection of representative animal organs.

A survey of the chlorophyll-bearing members of the Phylum Cyanophyta and the Kingdom Protoctista. Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, collection and culture, life cycles and reproduction, ecology, evolution and phylogenetic relationships.†

A survey of the slime moulds, protoctistan fungi and true fungi. Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, collection and culture, life cycles and reproduction, ecology, evolution and phylogenetic relationships. The relationships of fungi with other organisms are considered, with special emphasis on lichens.

Comparative studies of the morphology, life histories and ecology of Division Bryophyta. Identification and classification of field collections, with an emphasis on the taxonomy of hornworts, liverworts and mosses.††

Topics include taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, behaviour, ecology and identification. New research techniques used in the study of avian biology will also be explored. Field studies are an important component of the course.

Physiology of the human nervous, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, urinary and reproductive systems will be discussed. The laboratory component includes activities designed to illustrate the theoretical concepts. (Cross-listed as KP220.)

An introduction to contemporary cell biology. Topics include the basic composition, chemistry, structure and function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as historical perspectives, overviews of techniques, applications of cellular and molecular principles to other areas in biology, and current studies of the intricacies of conditions and diseases that afflict humans and wildlife.

An introduction to the molecular processes underlying transmission genetics, including bacterial genetics, gene expression, the regulation of gene expression, and including general aspects of recombinant DNA technology and applications and uses of molecular methods.

A lecture and laboratory study of cells and tissues using the light microscope and recent findings with electron microscopy. The four basic tissue types will be examined – epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue. The relationship between structure and function is stressed. Laboratory work includes sectioning and staining of material.

An exposition of modern and classical findings in cell biology with emphasis on the post-genomic era and the description of proteomes. Topics include molecular mechanisms, regulation of cell responses to environment and extracellular matrix, aspects of cell and molecular signaling and processing, and roles in endocrinology, immunology, neurology, pharmacology, pathology and developmental biology. Current techniques in cell biology and applications to biotechnology, medicine and other health-related sciences will be emphasized.

An introduction to the concepts and principles of transmission (Mendelian) genetics, and population genetics, using analysis and interpretation of genetic examples and situations to illustrate how genes are inherited, the resultant phenotypes and the effects of gene interactions. Where appropriate, interpretations will be extended to a discussion of the underlying molecular basis or genomic organization. Examples will pertain primarily to selected eukaryotic organisms, including humans.

A lecture and laboratory study of the major organ systems of the body. Light microscopy and recent findings with electron microscopy are utilized to examine the relationships between form and function. The circulatory, integumentary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems are some of the organ systems that are studied.

A study of the major systems of the vertebrate classes from an evolutionary point of view. In the laboratory, representative specimens will be dissected, for example, protochordates, a shark, an amphibian and a mammal. Demonstrations of the anatomy of representatives of other classes will be examined in the laboratory. A project may be required.

A comparative study of the land plants from an evolutionary point of view, which will examine anatomy, plant growth and development, and physiology, and provide an introduction to classification and systematics.

An introduction to fundamental concepts in microbiology involved in the study of archaea, bacteria and viruses. Course material will include prokaryotic cell structure, metabolism, microbial genetics, phylogeny and physiological diversity.

An introduction to concepts in microbial ecology, environmental microbiology, biotechnology, industrial microbiology, food and medical microbiology will be covered. Specific topics include biogeochemical cycling, water and wastewater microbiology and host-parasite relationships involved in microbial disease.

A lecture and laboratory course on the morphology, classification, life patterns and phylogeny of the phyla, classes and, in some cases, orders of invertebrates.

A lecture and laboratory course about the relationships among living organisms and with the physical environment. Physical and organismic factors such as communities, behaviour, competition and predation are explored. Laboratory work will include a number of field trips to familiarize the student with field methods.

The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context, with an emphasis on methods used in constructing phylogenies, and the naming and classification of organisms. Topics may include the examination of fossils (paleontology), the effect of continental drift, the significance of mass extinctions, hierarchical classification systems (taxonomy), phenetic analysis, cladistic analysis, and molecular systematics. Laboratory work may include preparation of museum specimens.

The study of the biological, chemical and physical conditions affecting life in fresh water. Topics include limnological techniques and equipment, biological, productivity, pollution, fisheries management and fish culture. A major project is required.†

A lecture, student seminar and laboratory course covering aspects of natural and artificial toxicants. Topics may include metals, herbicides, pesticides, radionuclides, and organic pollutants such as PCBs and dioxins. Special emphasis will be placed on metals in the aquatic environment.†

Lectures, fieldwork and laboratory work on aspects of marine biology conducted at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrew's, N.B., by qualified biologists recognized by H.M.L., in three weeks of intensive work. Students accepted into the course must register through the university to insure that credit is recorded. Accommodation: in H.M.L. Residence. (For course fee, consult the department.)

Lectures, fieldwork and laboratory work on special topics in marine biology conducted at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrew's, N.B., by qualified biologists recognized by H.M.L. Information on annual offerings is available from the department or the Huntsman Marine Laboratory. (For course fee, consult the department.)

An introduction to the biology of parasitism with emphasis on the taxonomy, morphology and life cycle of parasites of medical, veterinary and economic importance.†

An integrated study of past dispersal and present distributions and diversity of plants and animals, with emphasis on both historical and ecological approaches to biogeography. Topics include analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of distribution, vicariance, dispersal, species interactions, disturbance events, endemism, island biogeography, biogeographic models and applied biogeography.††

A comprehensive and integrative course on evolution by natural selection as the underlying principle of modern biology. Topics include the mechanisms of selection; the concepts of adaption, fitness and species; the evolution of sex; co-evolution; and the origin of life.††

An evolutionary approach to the study of animal behaviour. The control and development of behaviour will be introduced and placed in context within the broader scope of biology; however, the main emphasis of the course will be on the adaptive value and evolutionary history of specific behaviours.

Detailed examination of the structure of the vascular plants, including vegetative and reproductive organs and tissues. Students will be required to do individual projects to examine aspects of morphology and/or development.

A survey of vascular plants with particular reference to their classification into classes, orders, families, genera and species. Special attention will be given to the identification of the native regional flora. (Students contemplating registration in this course should consult with the instructor before the end of the previous spring term regarding the making of a summer collection for study during the course.)†

An examination of a specific area in biology reflecting the research interests of faculty members in the department.

A lecture, laboratory and student seminar course emphasizing comparative aspects of animal physiology. Topics covered may include aquatic and aerial respiration, circulation, blood, water and solute balance, excretion, cellular energetics, membrane physiology, nervous systems, cell movement and endocrinology.

A lecture, student seminar and laboratory course on the relationships between plant structure and function, and on growth and development of higher plants. Topics include xylem and water relations, phloem and translocation, roots and mineral nutrition, nodules and nitrogen fixation, leaf and chloroplast anatomy related to photosynthesis and photorespiration, plant hormones and their roles in growth, dormancy, photoperiodism and flowering.†

Six modules, each of one week's duration, covering marine geology, plankton, fishes, parasites, plants and mammals. Successful completion of three of these modules constitutes a 0.5 credit. Students accepted into the course must register through the university to insure that credit is recorded. Applications must be received at the Huntsman Marine Laboratory by March 31. (For course fee, consult the department.)

A comparative micro-anatomical study of the organ systems of various vertebrates. The structural and functional relationships will be emphasized.†

A study of the origin of mammalian organization, mammalian evolution and radiation, with emphasis on the relationships between mammalian structure and habit. In the laboratory, a representative series of existing mammals will be studied.†

Lecture: a thematic approach to the biology of parasitism: evolution, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, ecology and epidemiology. Lab: term-long project will involve dissection of host organisms for parasite recovery, fixation and appropriate preparation (e.g., staining) of material for taxonomic identification.†

A study of the systematics, evolution and life histories of fish, the largest class of phylum Chordata. Other topics included are fish culture, commercial fishing, physiology and the economic importance of fish. (Includes a four-day field trip in the fall term.)†

Botanical studies of the economically significant food, fibre, drug and forage plants of the world; their geographic distribution, methods of culture, and basic operations involved in preparing the raw product for use.†

An examination of the dynamic nature of embryonic development, with emphasis on the experimental approach to embryology. Laboratory work includes a comparative study of the morphological changes during embryogenesis of invertebrates and vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Experimental work includes induced breeding of amphibians, artificial parthenogenesis, regeneration, chorioallantoic grafting, and other experiments involving organ and tissue culture.†

Mathematical treatment of population growth and community structure, ecological modelling, resource partitioning, species abundance, methods of describing community structure through ordination and discriminant analysis.†

A course on the theoretical and practical aspects of tissue preparation for structural and ultrastructural analysis and for enzyme and RNA localization. Lecture and laboratory activities will include tissue fixation, sectioning, tissue staining (histochemical analysis) and the various ways of examining specimens using the microscope (light, florescence, phase-contrast, dark field, interference contrast optics and electron transmission).†

Recent literature on microtechniques will be reviewed in detail. Each student will choose either a plant or animal tissue for study using a variety of microtechniques. The projects will be evaluated for quality of preparation and final product. Photomicrography will be an integral part of the project and final evaluation.†

Microbial roles in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems will be studied. Emphasis is placed on the metabolic diversity of specialized microbial communities found in natural habitats. Microbial function in natural and constructed degradation or remediation processes will be examined from an ecological perspective.

Microbial disease will be examined from a physiological and molecular perspective. Factors involved in overcoming host defense, virulence and pathogenesis will be studied. Emphasis will be placed on the physiological mechanisms and genetic regulation involved as well as host resistance and response. Historical and emerging microbiologically-mediated diseases of the human body will be covered.

The characteristics and identification of common insect families. Taxonomic methods. Extensive fieldwork.††

Structure, physiology, distribution, economic importance and life cycles of insects.††

Control of gene expression, recombinant DNA techniques, immunogenetics, genetic control of differentiation, genetics of reproduction in higher plants, polygenetic inheritance in humans, teratology.†

Individually supervised research resulting in the presentation of a thesis. Project topic must be selected in the spring term prior to Year 4. Students taking this course are required to attend all departmental seminars.

A program of methods and field techniques designed to show senior students how to deal with special problems under field situations. Two weeks at the beginning of fall term. (Required of Year 4 Honours Biology students.) Consult the department for extra fees that may be required.

Individually supervised research resulting in the presentation of a thesis.

A detailed study of an aspect of biology not available through the regular program.††

An in-depth examination of a specific area in biology reflecting the research interests of faculty members in the department.